Karl Löwith

Karl Löwith (; 9 January 1897 – 26 May 1973) was a German philosopher best known for his critiques of historicism and his analysis of secularization in modern thought. A student of Martin Heidegger and Edmund Husserl during the Weimar Republic, Löwith developed a distinctive philosophical position that questioned the progressivist assumptions underlying much of nineteenth and twentieth-century European philosophy, and is considered one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century.

His most influential work, ''Meaning in History'' (1949), argued that Enlightenment philosophies of history from Giambattista Vico to Karl Marx represented secularised versions of Christian eschatology, transforming theological concepts of divine providence and salvation into immanent historical processes whilst retaining their underlying structure, which he argues is incoherent without their providential origin. This analysis established him as a major humanist critic of the notion that history possesses inherent meaning or direction (telos).

Forced into exile in 1934 due to his Jewish ancestry, Löwith spent periods in Italy, Japan, and the United States before returning to Germany in 1952, where he taught at Heidelberg University until his retirement. His experience of displacement shaped his philosophical outlook, reinforcing his scepticism towards grand historical narratives and systematic philosophies that claimed to discern the ultimate meaning of human existence.

Beyond his work on the philosophy of history, Löwith wrote extensively on nineteenth-century European thought, producing important studies of Heidegger, Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, and Max Weber. His philosophical approach combined rigorous historical scholarship with a persistent questioning of modernity's assumptions about progress, reason, and the human condition. Provided by Wikipedia